GDF15 and cancer: The multivariate Cox regression model showed that patients with elevated GDF-15 (≥1,200 ng/L) and low BMI (<22.5 kg/m2) were significantly associated with increased risk of all outcomes [all-cause death, hazard ratio (HR) 3.15, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.85–5.34, p < 0.001; cancer death, HR 3.52, 95%CI 1.64–7.57, p = 0.001; CV death, HR 2.88, 95%CI 1.20–6.92, p = 0.018, respectively] compared to a reference group with non-elevated GDF-15 and normal BMI (22.5–25.0 kg/m2).