TLR activation by S100A9, alongside TLR–TNFSF13B interaction, cooperatively enhanced survival signals delivered to myeloma cells, consistent with the previous finding that TLR+ plasma cells showed higher level of autoantibodies against dsDNA in TNFSF13B-dependent lupus (22) (23). This evidence concerns the gene S100A9 and systemic lupus erythematosus.