The multivariate Cox analysis results showed that CD8+ T cells, CD8+PD-L1+ T cells, and CD68+CD163+ M2 macrophages in the total region were independent prognostic factors for PFS in NSCLC patients treated with ICIs (HR=0.04 (0.0031-0.51), P=0.013; HR=17.70 (1.4066-222.79), P=0.026; and HR=17.88 (1.9539-163.67), P=0.011, respectively; Figure 3). Here, CD8A is linked to non-small cell lung carcinoma.