The aim of this retrospective study was to explore the predictive value of multiple immune cell subsets, including CD8+ T cells, CD68+ macrophages, CD68+CD163+ M2 macrophages, CD68+CD163- M1 macrophages, CD8+PD-L1+ T cells, CD68+PD-L1+ macrophages, CD68+CD163+PD-L1+ M2 macrophages, and CD68+CD163-PD-L1+ M1 macrophages, in tumors, the stroma and the total region in the context of NSCLC treatment with immunotherapy by using multiplex immunohistochemical staining (27). Here, CD163 is linked to non-small cell lung carcinoma.