Clinical trials of ICIs such as PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors (nivolumab, pembrolizumab, and atezolizumab) have demonstrated a positive association between the degree of ICI efficacy and the PD-L1 expression levels as per immunohistochemistry in both chemo-naïve and chemotherapeutically treated advanced NSCLC patients 2-5. Here, CD274 is linked to non-small cell lung carcinoma.