TNF and tuberculosis: Whereas TST+HBHA+QFT- patients secreted several chemokines (IL-1β, IL-6, MIP-1α, GM-CSF), as well as IL-2, TNF-α, and for some of them, IL-17A, reported to play a role in protection against TB (28), TST+HBHA+QFT+ patients had a more restricted profile of cytokines induced by HBHA.