TLR4 and infection: The expression of genes encoding AMPs in honey bees are regulated by intracellular signaling pathways Toll and Imd/JNK and could be induced by infection of bacteria, fungi, and viruses (Evans et al., 2006; Nazzi et al., 2012; Flenniken and Andino, 2013; Chen et al., 2014; Kuster et al., 2014).