INS and autoimmune disease: Hyperglycaemia in pregnancy could be due to: i) type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) characterised by hyperglycaemia, insulin resistance and some insulin deficiency (2), ii) type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D) - an autoimmune disease where the body’s immune system attacks insulin-secreting pancreatic β islet cells leading to insulin deficiency (3), and iii) gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) that occurs only in pregnancy characterised by impaired insulin function due to the production of hormones by the placenta leading to insulin resistance.