Of note, although TGFB inhibition is well documented to attenuate tumor growth and metastasis in mice models and the field of TGFB-associated immuno-oncology is rapidly expanding, some preclinical findings showed adverse effects of TGFB-targeted therapies.9 For instance, TBR1 kinase inhibitor YL364947 and a pan-TGFB antibody increased mammary cancer metastasis and dissemination in mice, respectively, as a result of heterogeneity of tumor immune microenvironment within the same tumor or across distinct tumors. This evidence concerns the gene TBR1 and neoplasm.