Purified neutrophils from four female healthy volunteers were challenged with an array of TLR agonists for 1 h, namely, lipotechoic acid (LTA) (TLR2) (24), LPS (TLR4) (5), flagellin (FLAG) (TLR5) (4), resiquimod (R848) (TLR7/8) (4), and β-glucan peptide (BGP) that signals via the dectin-1 receptor (25) for fungal infection and the DAMP HMGB1, a cytokine released in sterile inflammation (such as early traumatic events, thought to signal through RAGE and TLR4) (5, 26) (Fig 1B). Here, TLR4 is linked to fungal infectious disease.