PTH and diabetes mellitus: For example, one study including 52 hemodialysis patients with VC and 338 without VC found that serum Mg levels were independently associated with VC after adjusting for age, sex, hemodialysis vintage, Ca, P, and PTH concentration (odds ratio = 0.28, 95% CI = 0.09–0.92) [5]; however, that study focused on only non-DM patients, other arteries (except for hand arteries) were not evaluated for VC, and the methods for calculating VC were not quantitative.