TGFB1 and neoplasm: Experimental studies showed that TAMs could accelerate angiogenesis, tumor cell invasion and metastasis through the upregulation and release of various chemokines, such as vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A), urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA), matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), and transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) (41).