HRV16 infection also led to a significant increase in expression of genes involved in EMT (e.g., COL1A1, MMP9, SNAI1, and ZEB2; Supplementary Fig. S7) and growth factors (e.g., ~ fourfold for EGF and FGF2, and to a lesser extent TGFB1). This evidence concerns the gene SNAI1 and infection.