Three subsequent studies have reported an association between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the DCBLD1 promoter region and higher risks of never-smoking cancers for human papillomavirus-negative head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), lung cancer, and female lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD)2–4. This evidence concerns the gene DCBLD1 and lung carcinoma.