LAPTM5 and infection: Importantly, the similar levels of p24 in the absence of LAPTM5 (Fig. 7e, lower panel) indicate that wild-type and Vpr-defective HIV-1 at least exhibited a similar infection ratio; thus, the significant difference between wild-type and Vpr-defective 89.6 in the presence of LAPTM5 (Fig. 7e, lower panel) is likely due to LAPTM5 expression and not their infection ratios.