Furthermore, recent findings derived from replication-competent HIV-1 infection of primary human monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) suggest that Vpr plays no role in the first round of infection instead affects the production of the viral envelope glycoprotein Env by overcoming unknown macrophage-specific restriction factors in a DCAF1-dependent manner26. This evidence concerns the gene ERVW-1 and HIV-1 infection.