LAPTM5 and HIV-1 infection: Crucially, when we used a lentiviral shRNA targeting 3’-UTR of the LAPTM5 transcript, we found that the requirement for Vpr returned in shRNA-mediated LAPTM5-depleted MDMs, which were transduced with an LAPTM5-expression lentiviral vector during the spread of HIV-1 infection (Fig. 1d, e).