Approximately 20% and 16% of the upregulated genes in ETP and non-ETP ALL, respectively, harbored consistent chromatin structure changes, including key transcription factors or oncogenes, such as CEBPA, MYCN, and LYL1 for ETP and LEF1, TCF12 and PAX9 for non-ETP ALL (Fig. 2e and Supplementary Data 3). This evidence concerns the gene PAX9 and acute lymphoblastic leukemia.