Currently available systemic treatments for advanced HCC target two different vulnerabilities in HCC, which include RTK inhibitors (sorafenib, regorafenib, lenvatinib, cabozantinib, and ramucirumab) and ICIs (nivolumab and pembrolizumab, both being anti-PD1 antibodies)21. This evidence concerns the gene PDCD1 and hepatocellular carcinoma.