In vitro studies have shown that BRN2 expression is induced by a range of melanoma-associated signaling pathways including activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway downstream from BRAF, the PI3K pathway, the LEF-β-catenin axis, as well as FGF, TNF-α, EDN3, and SCF signaling14–17. The gene discussed is BRAF; the disease is melanoma.