MAPK9 and cytomegalovirus infection: Expression levels of both phospho-STAT3 and phospho-SAPK/JNK were significantly upregulated with CMV infection, whereas they were significantly attenuated in the presence of TGF-β2 at the concentrations of 1 and 10 ng/ml (Fig. 4F and 4G, P < 0.001 for phospho-STAT3 and P < 0.01 for phospho-SAPK/JNK).