PPARGC1A and hypogonadism: Nevertheless, available evidence showed that testosterone increases the expression and phosphorylation of 5’-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK, a known PGC-1α activator [57]), in adipose tissue and skeletal muscle of hypogonadism patients [58] and triggers cultured cardiomyocyte hypertrophy through activation of AMPK pathways [59].