In a clinical study on patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), researchers found that patients with EGFR mutations and ALK rearrangements showed a low CD8+ T cell infiltration-associated poor response to anti-PDs therapy despite a high rate of PD-L1 expression, which implied that the expression of PD-L1 could also be constitutive rather than just responding to inflammatory stimuli [354]. Here, EGFR is linked to non-small cell lung carcinoma.