The immunofluorescent staining with nestin (a marker of adult BMSCs [34]) and osterix (a marker of osteoprogenitors) showed that a significant increase in the numbers of nestin-positive cells or osterix-positive osteoprogenitors in the subchondral bone marrow cavity in the ACLT group when compared with the AMD group (P < 0.01) (Figures 3(a)–3(d)). Here, NES is linked to age-related macular degeneration.