In vivo, we found that the number of Nestin-positive cells and osterix-positive cells in the subchondral bone were reduced in the AMD group which means inhibition of SDF-1 signaling could effectively decrease the abnormal increase of BMSCs (marked by nestin+ cell) and osteoprogenitor cells (marked by osterix+ cell) in the subchondral bone (Figures 3(a)–3(d)). Here, NES is linked to age-related macular degeneration.