ERN1 and urinary bladder carcinoma: On the one hand, the induction of ERS increases the biogenesis and release of EV through the IRE1α and PERK UPR pathways (Kanemoto et al., 2016); on the other hand, bladder cancer-derived EVs were found to activate UPR in ERS to promote malignant transformation (Wu et al., 2019a).