TGFB1 and Myocardial fibrosis: Basic studies have found that overactivation of TGF-β1/Smads signaling pathway plays an important role in inducing and exacerbating the pathological process of myocardial fibrosis after myocardial infarction (Bujak and Frangogiannis 2007; Khalil et al., 2017; Walton et al., 2017).