In the acute phase, leukocytosis activated the Th1 type immune response in the intestine and the mucosal barrier was destroyed; while in the remission phase of disease, after CD4+T cells specifically knocked out the CHAT gene, inflammation was poorly restored, M1 macrophage levels were increased, and goblet cells were depleted, suggesting that cholinergic T cells of non-neural origin are a special form of VN to rescue colitis in the later stages (Willemze et al., 2019a) (see Table 2). Here, CHAT is linked to colitis.