Similar to human glioma, mRNA levels of TGFB1 receptor (BRI; 17-fold; **P < .01) and the downstream transcription factor SMAD2 (4-fold; *P < .05) were increased in high-grade astrocytoma compared to normal brain (Figure 5A). The gene discussed is SMAD2; the disease is astrocytoma (excluding glioblastoma).