VEGFA and astrocytoma (excluding glioblastoma): While below the detectable limit in normal cortex, chemokine C–C ligand 5 (CCL5) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) concentrations were increased in high-grade astrocytoma (64.8 ± 34 pg/mL; **P < .01; 57.7 ± 12 pg/mL; **P < .001; Figure 4D).