VEGFC and glioblastoma: In addition, autocrine VEGF-C/KDR signaling has been shown to regulate cell viability, cell cycle, and in vivo tumor growth in GBM, while autocrine VEGF-A/KDR signaling plays a similarly critical role in the proliferation and self-renewal of GBM stem-like cells.40KDR amplification, accompanied by the presence of more available receptors, would thus serve to exacerbate the effects of such signaling.