IL9 and COVID-19: GCSF, IL-1RA, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12 (p40), MCP-1, M-CSF, and TNF-α were correlated with SOFA scores in COVID-19 patients and controls, with increased cytokine expression positively correlating with higher SOFA scores (Fig. 4, Supplementary Fig. 4).