Also the upregulation of other genes has been mechanistically liked to the development and progression of leukaemia (or other cancers): protein phosphatases including PTPRE are important regulators of cell signalling and their deregulation contribution to cell transformation41, while expression of PTPRE is reported to be significantly upregulated in AML leukaemia itself41, and FCER1G is significantly downregulated in CML leukaemia patients where it is also associated with T-cell immunodeficiency42. This evidence concerns the gene PTPRE and cancer.