DDIT3 and lung carcinoma: It has however been tested against other cancer types where it was found to induce apoptosis in a lung cancer cell line by accumulating apoptosis regulatory proteins such as cyclins, tumour proteins p53 (TP53), and IĸBα and induced stress-associated genes like HSPA5(GRP78), DDIT3(GADD153), ATF3, ERN1 (IRE1α) and PMAIP1(NOXA)29.