However, when we examined gene set differences in expression between the ALS patients and non-neurological controls with rotational gene set testing (ROAST) and competitive gene set testing (CAMERA) analyses, we observed significant enrichment of the “AGE-RAGE signaling pathway in diabetic complications” which was visualized by a barcode enrichment plot for the pathway (Fig. 1B, see Additional Files 1 and 2, Supplemental Table 1.1-1.3). This evidence concerns the gene AGER and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.