PCNA and central nervous system cancer: In addition, overexpression of YAP significantly sped up DNA repair (using DNA–PKcs and Rad51 levels as indicators) and the cell cycle (using CDK4, CDK6, p-RB, and PCNA levels as indicators), while a reduction in DNA damage (using the p-H2AX level as an indicator) and apoptosis (using cleaved PARP and Bax levels as indicators) was observed in U87 (Fig. 3I) and U251 glioma cells (Fig. 3J).