To test the role of PPARγ/MMP-9 signals in this process, we first treated cells with the PPARγ antagonist for the transwell invasion assay, and results revealed that AR-altered cell invasion was particularly sensitive to the PPARγ-antagonist III in BCa UMUC3 cells and PCa C4-2 cells (Fig. 4A1, A2). Here, MMP9 is linked to posterior cortical atrophy.