In addition to ANP, B- (BNP) and C-type (CNP) natriuretic peptide can also induce damage to the glycocalyx, which may explain the long-term adverse outcomes in clinical studies when recombinant human BNP (nesiritide) or ANP (carperitide) have been administered to improve cardiac function or reduce myocardial infarction injur y[78]. Here, NPPA is linked to myocardial infarction.