CD274 and atherosclerosis: Regarding PD-1/PD-L1, several preclinical studies showed that PD-1 exerts significant atheroprotective effects, PD-1/PD-L1 pathway downregulates the proatherogenic Tcell response, and PD-1/PD-L1 deficiency promotes atherosclerosis (Figure 1) (8–10, 12).