Consistently, deep analysis of the mutational landscape from inflamed IBD tissue and corresponding non-inflamed parts revealed mutations in several genes, such as NFKBIZ, ZC3H12A (Regnase-1) and PIGR. Interestingly, Regnase-1 is activated in response to TLR stimulation and degrades mRNA of many downstream immune signaling genes (47), including PIGR (73), NFKBIZ (74), and members of the IL-17 pathway (75). Here, NFKBIZ is linked to inflammatory bowel disease.