APOE and atherosclerosis: Treating endothelial cells with the PAK-Nck peptide inhibited disturbed-flow-induced NF-κB activation, JNK activation, and proinflammatory gene expression (Figure 5; Orr et al., 2008; Hahn et al., 2009; Funk et al., 2010), and treating atherosclerosis-prone ApoE knockout mice with the PAK-Nck peptide prevented NF-κB activation, JNK activation, and proinflammatory gene expression at sites of disturbed flow in vivo.