In addition, CHOP and P58IPK expression was attenuated in N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) and 4-phenyl butyric acid (4-PBA) treated cells, supporting the hypothesis of therapeutic effects of antioxidants to combat T2DM and beta cell dysfunction (Hamer and Chida, 2007; Plaisance et al., 2016). Here, DDIT3 is linked to type 2 diabetes mellitus.