AKR1B1 and liver dysplastic nodule: In addition to the factors mentioned above, NF-κB binds to the promoter regions of several other genes that are involved in the pathogenesis of DN, such as those encoding TGF-β1, aldo-keto reductase family 1, member B1 (AKR1B1), CC chemokine ligand 2, which is also known as MCP-1 (monocyte chemoattractant protein-1) (CCL2), and intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) (Park et al., 2000; Goldberg et al., 2006; Nam et al., 2008; Yang et al., 2008).