In some studies, after vaccination with neoantigens in patients, the expression of both PD-1 on neoantigen-specific T cells and PD-L1 in tumor tissues increased, and anti-PD-1 or anti-PD-L1 immunotherapy improved the efficacy of vaccines, suggesting that administering neoantigen vaccines before ICIs may have a greater opportunity to achieve the maximal antitumor response (1, 13, 20, 36, 53–55). Here, CD274 is linked to neoplasm.