In addition, DKK-1 regulates the invasiveness and metastasis of HCC cells and can be modulated by a variety of regulatory molecules, such as p53, 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, Msh homeobox 1 (MSX), progesterone, β-catenin/TCF, and c-myc (36, 38, 52, 55). The gene discussed is MSX1; the disease is hepatocellular carcinoma.