Since the activation of the Programmed Cell Death Protein 1 (PD-1)/Programmed Death-Ligand 1/2 (PDL-1/2) axis is often exploited by tumor cells to escape immune-mediated death, the use of anti-PD-1 or anti-PDL-1 monoclonal antibodies, in combination with BRAF/MEK inhibitors, has been proven to improve therapeutic response and progression-free survival of cutaneous melanoma patients (223, 230, 231). The gene discussed is PDCD1; the disease is neoplasm.