In multiple human cancers such as lung, breast, pancreatic, gastric cancers and melanoma, TLShigh tumors harbor more activated, cytotoxic or naïve CD8+ T cells together with CD4+ T cells which are skewed to a Th1 and/or Th17 phenotype when compared to TLSlow tumors (41, 42, 44–47). The gene discussed is CD8A; the disease is melanoma.