PPARA and infection: Interestingly, our microarray analysis in the fat tissues with larval E. granulosus infection also showed the upregulated levels of SUCNR1, succinodehydrogenase (SDH) and ACOD1 and enriched pathways such as Arginine metabolism and PPAR signaling pathway (67), which is consistent to the M2 polarization of macrophage post infection (Figure 1).