To determine if immune activation also correlates with control, we evaluated the longitudinal co-expression of CD38/HLA-DR on CD8+ T cells both pre- and post-ART in our cohort of LVLs and determined that there was no significant difference in immune activation during times of in vitro control (pre-ART) in comparison to when PBMCs were susceptible to infection in vitro (post-ART) (Figure 8G). Here, CD38 is linked to infection.