MTOR and tuberous sclerosis: Further, the neuropathological hallmarks of TSC include major morphological and functional changes in glial cells involving astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, NG2 glia, and microglia, as well as in neurons (47), and abnormal function of the mTOR pathway in glial cells is thought to contribute to seizures as well as cognitive co-morbidities in TSC as well as in TLE (48, 49).