HSPA5 and infection: Cell surface-GRP78 is upregulated in many cancer cells, including breast and prostate cancers and has become a target for cancer therapy (Tsai and Amy, 2018), In infection, cell surface-GRP78 can assist viral attachment and entry into the cell by binding pathogenic proteins, including the spike (S) protein on the outer envelope of viruses and coat proteins on fungi (Elfiky et al., 2020).