The activation of IRE1α and JNK was further assessed via Western blotting, revealing that AA treatment significantly increased P-IRE1α and P-JNK levels in these tongue cancer cells in a time-dependent fashion without increasing overall IRE1α and JNK protein levels (Figure 5A-D), indicating that AA can activate the Grp78 IRE1α/JNK pathway. Here, ERN1 is linked to tongue cancer.