The results showed that P. mume treatment decreased immunoglobulin M (IgM) and immunoglobulin E (IgE) levels, reduced COX-2, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interferon (IFN-γ), interleukin (IL)-12, and IL-17 levels in the colon tissue of colitis mouse models, alleviated dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) or 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced histological changes and inflammatory responses (Liu et al., 2009; Zhang et al., 2011; Lee et al., 2014; Lee S. Y. et al., 2017; Kim et al., 2021). Here, TNF is linked to colitis.