Additionally, studies have demonstrated that both miR-153-3p and miR-140 are involved in ISO-induced cardiac hypertrophy and ventricular hypertrophy in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), downregulating the expression of MFN1 mRNA and leading to excessive mitochondrial fission (Joshi et al., 2016; Wang et al., 2020). Here, MFN1 is linked to cardiac hypertrophy.