In patients with glaucoma and glaucoma animal models, astrocytes at the ONH can be observed to upregulate the expression of tenascin-C (Pena et al., 1999; Howell et al., 2011; Johnson et al., 2011), playing a pro-inflammatory role through the Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 signaling pathway (Midwood et al., 2009). Here, TNC is linked to glaucoma.