The PCa-MRS model was superior to the models composed of the all five candidate miRNAs (AUC = 0.888, 95% CI: 0.818–0.957) or preoperative PSA only (AUC = 0.834, 95% CI: 0.749–0.919) (Fig. 1a). Here, KLK3 is linked to posterior cortical atrophy.